There are two main arguments offered by Christians, and those of other faiths, that advise against an individual seeking suicide, for whatever reason:

• Life is a gift from God, and that "each individual [is] its steward." 4 Thus, only God can start a life, and only God should be allowed to end one. An individual who commits suicide is committing sin.
• God does not send us any experience that we cannot handle. God supports people in suffering. To actively seek an end to one's life would represent a lack of trust in God's promise.

Of course, there is a significant and growing percentage of Agnostics, Atheists, Humanists, secularists, non-Christians and liberal Christians in North America who do not accept these theologically based arguments. They might argue:

• Each person has autonomy over their own life. Persons whose quality of life is nonexistent should have the right to decide to commit suicide, and to seek assistance if necessary.
• Sometimes a terminal illness is so painful that it causes life to be an unbearable burden; death can represent a relief of intolerable pain.

An active political question is whether individuals should be allowed to choose suicide, or whether they should be forced to follow the theological beliefs of the dominant religion. This point is similar to that raised in discussions on choice in abortion and compulsory prayer in public schools.

A number of religious organizations have issued statements on suicide and physician assisted suicide. Conservative faith groups tend to be most vocal in their opposition to suicide. Liberal denominations tend to be more in favor of individual choice:

Anglican: Rowan Williams, the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, has stated that although “There is a very strong compassionate case" for physician-assisted dying, the Anglican church remains opposed to the practice.

Baptist: Assisted dying violates the sanctity of human life.

Buddhism: Buddhists are not unanimous in their view of physician-assisted dyinG, and the teachings of the Buddha don't explicitly deal with it. The Buddha himself showed tolerance of suicide by monks in two cases. The Japanese Buddhist tradition includes many stories of suicide by monks, and suicide was used as a political weapon by Buddhist monks during the Vietnam war. But these were monks, and that makes a difference. In Buddhism, the way life ends has a profound impact on the way the new life will begin. So a person's state of mind at the time of death is important - their thoughts should be selfless and enlightened, free of anger, hate or fear. This suggests that suicide is only approved for people who have achieved enlightenment and that the rest of us should avoid it.

Catholicism: The official position of the Catholic Church in Rome remains that killing of a human being, even by an act of omission to eliminate suffering, violates divine law and offends the dignity of the human person. However, many Catholics -- particularly in the United States -- cite various quotations by Pope Benedict XVI as a source for continued disagreement and controversy regarding such controversial issues as physician-assisted dying:

"Freedom to kill is not a true freedom but a tyranny that reduces the human being into slavery."

"Scripture, in fact, clearly excludes every form of the kind of self-determination of human existence that is presupposed in the theory and practice of euthanasia."

"Not all moral issues have the same moral weight as abortion and euthanasia. For example, if a Catholic were to be at odds with the Holy Father on the application of capital punishment or on the decision to wage war, he would not for that reason be considered unworthy to present himself to receive Holy Communion."

"While the Church exhorts civil authorities to seek peace, not war, and to exercise discretion and mercy in imposing punishment on criminals, it may still be permissible to take up arms to repel an aggressor or to have recourse to capital punishment. There may be a legitimate diversity of opinion even among Catholics about waging war and applying the death penalty, but not however with regard to abortion and euthanasia."

Christian Reformed Church in North America: In 1971 a Synod adopted a resolution which stated: "that synod, mindful of the sixth commandment, condemn the wanton or arbitrary destruction of any human being at any state of its development from the point of conception to the point of death."

Christian Science: The Church's experience with healing indicates assisted suicide is not a genuine expression of faith and is a denial of God's presence and power.

Disciples of Christ: The customary reasons for assisted dying, suffering and irreversible conditions, are nullified by the biblical witness to meaningful suffering and to possible healing.

Eastern Orthodox: Physician assisted dying is morally and theologically impermissible because of God's sovereignty and the sanctity of human life.

Episcopal: Some Episcopalians believe it is morally wrong to take human life with medication to relieve suffering caused by incurable illness. Others approve of assisted dying in rare cases.

Evangelicals: While the National Association of Evangelicals (NAE) opposes physician-assisted dying, the NEA "believes that in cases where patients are terminally ill, death appears imminent and treatment offers no medical hope for a cure, it is morally appropriate to request the withdrawal of life-support systems, allowing natural death to occur. In such cases, every effort should be made to keep the patient free of pain and suffering, with emotional and spiritual support being provided until the patient dies." Several denominations and fellowships hold membership in the National Association of Evangelicals and adhere to NEA doctrine.

Evangelical Lutheran Church of America: A 1992 statement on end-of-life matters from the ELCA Church Council supports passive euthanasia: "Health care professionals are not required to use all available medical treatment in all circumstances. Medical treatment may be limited in some instances, and death allowed to occur." They oppose active euthanasia: "...deliberately destroying life created in the image of God is contrary to our Christian conscience." However, they do acknowledge that physicians "struggle to choose the lesser evil" in some situations. e.g. when pain is so severe "that life is indistinguishable from torture." Surprisingly, even though physician-assisted suicide is a hotly debated topic, they do not comment on it.

Hinduism: There are several Hindu points of view on physician-assisted dying. Most Hindus would say that a doctor should not accept a patient's request for death since this will cause the soul and body to be separated at an unnatural time. The result will damage the karma of both doctor and patient. Other Hindus believe that physician-assisted dying cannot be allowed because it breaches the teaching of ahimsa (doing no harm). However, some Hindus say that by helping to end a painful life a person is performing a good deed and so fulfilling their moral obligations.

Islam: Assisted dying is forbidden. Physicians must not take active measures to terminate a patient's life. The Qur'an states: "Take not life which Allah made sacred otherwise than in the course of justice" An essay on the web page of the Islamic Center of Southern California states that "Since we did not create ourselves, we do not own our bodies...Attempting to kill oneself is a crime in Islam as well as a grave sin. The Qur'an says: 'Do not kill (or destroy) yourselves, for verily Allah has been to you most Merciful.' (Quran 4:29)...The concept of a life not worthy of living does not exist in Islam."

Jehovah's Witness: Physician assisted dying violates the sanctity of life and Christian conscience.

Judaism: The Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations has been heavily involved in efforts, in both Congress and the courts, to restrict physician assisted suicide. In 2000, Rabbi J. David Bleich, Jewish Law Professor at Yeshiva University's rabbinical seminary and Law Professor at Yeshiva's Cardozo Law School, stated that "Judaism places the highest importance on palliation of pain, particularly in the case of terminal patients," and that "Judaism teaches that suicide is an offense against the Deity who is the Author of life." Conservative and Reform leaders have called for increased discussion of end-of-life issues, but have not issued official positions on assisted dying.

Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod: "Advocates of euthanasia, as well as of assisted suicide, have sought to justify the taking of human life on moral grounds by describing it as a truly compassionate act aimed at the relief of human suffering. In light of what the Scriptures say about the kind of care God wills that we provide to those who suffer and are facing death, we reject such claims as neither compassionate nor caring. Christians aim always to care, never to kill."

Mennonites: The Mennonite denomination is a decentralized faith group in which individual conferences make their own statements on social issues.  The Conference of Mennonites in Canada issued a statement in 1995. They believe that pain, isolation and fear are the main factors that drive dying persons to consider suicide. They feel that the state should not facilitate suicide, but rather control physical and emotional pain and support the dying within a caring community setting.

Methodist: Methodists generally accept the individual's freedom of conscience to determine the means and timing of death. Some regional conferences have endorsed the legalization of physician assisted dying.

Mormon: Euthanasia is condemned. Anyone who takes part in euthanasia, including 'assisted suicide', is regarded as having violated the commandments of God. However the Church recognizes that when a person is in the final stages of terminal illness there may be difficult decisions to be taken. The Church states that “When dying becomes inevitable, death should be looked upon as a blessing and a purposeful part of an eternal existence. Members should not feel obligated to extend mortal life by means that are unreasonable.“

Muslim: Muslims are against physician-assisted dying. They believe that all human life is sacred because it is given by Allah, and that Allah chooses how long each person will live. Human beings should not interfere in this.

Orthodox Church: "Death is seen as evil in itself, and symbolic of all those forces which oppose God-given life and its fulfillment. Salvation and redemption are normally understood in Eastern Christianity in terms of sharing in Jesus Christ's victory over death, sin and evil through His crucifixion and His resurrection. The Orthodox Church has a very strong pro-life stand which in part expresses itself in opposition to doctrinaire advocacy of euthanasia."

Presbyterian Church in America: The 1988 PCA position paper on "heroic measures" states that "Euthanasia, or 'mercy-killing' of a patient by a physician or by anyone else, including the patient himself (suicide) is murder. To withhold or to withdraw medical treatment, as is being discussed here, does not constitute euthanasia and should not be placed into the same category with it." However, the PCA is devoting further study and discussion to the specific issue of physician-assisted dying and likely issue an official position paper some time in 2006.

Russian Orthodox Church: Euthanasia, or the practice of painlessly putting to death people suffering from incurable diseases, contradicts Christian morals, believes official spokesman for the Moscow Patriarchate Father Vsevolod Chaplin.

Salvation Army: "The Salvation Army believes that people do not have the right to death by their own decision...Only God is sovereign over life and death...the grace of God can sustain through any ordeal or adversity."

Sikh: The Sikh Gurus rejected suicide (and by extension, euthanasia) as an interference in God's plan. Suffering, they said, was part of the operation of karma, and human beings should not only accept it without complaint but act so as to make the best of the situation that karma has given them. This is not absolute. Sikhism (as already said) believes that life is a gift from God, but it also teaches that we have a duty to use life in a responsible way. Therefore Sikhs contemplating euthanasia for themselves or others should look at the whole picture, and make appropriate distinctions between ending life, and not artificially prolonging a terminal state.

Synod of the Great Lakes - Reformed Church in America: "When we consider how Christian convictions influence a choice for assisted suicide, the primary concern is not to protect or deny peoples' rights, but to explain why Christians, given their convictions, are apt to see something as right or wrong. On the whole, Christians value the individual liberty that allows them to act on the basis of their distinctive moral commitments. However, a shared Christian commitment does not seem to be consistent with a choice to take one's own life, even under conditions of extreme suffering."

Unitarian Universalist: The right to self-determination includes the choice of hastened dying. Unitarians support immunity from prosecution for those who, with proper safeguards, honor the requests of terminally ill patients.

United Church of Christ: The Church affirms individual freedom and responsibility. It has not asserted that hastened dying is the Christian position, but the right to choose is a legitimate Christian decision.

Mainline and Liberal Christian denominations: Pro-choice statements have been made by the United Church of Christ, and the Methodist Church on the US West coast. The "Episcopalian (Anglican) Unitarian, Methodist, Presbyterian and Quaker movements are amongst the most liberal, allowing at least individual decision making in cases of active euthanasia."

For additional information specific to biblical references to suicide, visit the Religious Tolerance Web site.  

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